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2012 2012 Hydroelectric Photovoltaic



photovoltaic cells for converting solar radiation directly into electricity, using the so-called "photovoltaic effect" based on the properties of some conductive materials appropriate treatment (including the silicon, an element widely in nature), to directly generate electricity when hit by sunlight. A photovoltaic cell is exposed to solar radiation acts as a current source with a characteristic voltage / current depends basically on the intensity of solar radiation, temperature and the surface.

It is generally a square area of \u200b\u200babout 100 cm2, behaves like a tiny battery, resulting in the conditions of typical Italian sunshine, a current of 3 A (Amps) with a voltage of 0.5 V (volts), then a power of 1.5 W (Watt) .

Monocrystalline cells: are produced by cutting a single crystal bar. The main advantage is a high efficiency (up to 16%). This type of cells is very expensive because of the complicated production process. Monocrystalline cells are usually characterized by a homogeneous blue color.
pole cells (multi-) crystalline: they are cast into blocks and then cut into disks. The yield is lower (10 ° 12%), but also the price. This type of cells can be recognized from a design easily distinguishable (because of the different crystal contents). Cells
amorphous: is produced by cathodic deposition of silicon atoms on a glass plate. This type of cell has a lower yield (ca. 4 ¸ 8%), but also adapts to the case of diffuse radiation (clouds, etc.).. The cells so produced are recognizable by a distinctive dark color, also can be made in any geometric shape (circular shapes are possible, octagonal, irregular, and even convex).


types of solar cells: 1) monocrystalline cells, 2) multi-cell poly-crystal, 3) amorphous cells.


from the photovoltaic cell
The scheme
single solar cell, measuring about 10 X 10cm, the device is the primary basis for any mismatch losses.

A PV module consists of a set of solar cells linked together to provide an electrical output (per module) on average between 50 and 100 W.

To increase the power supply is necessary to connect several modules: more modules form a panel and, similarly, more panels form a string.

photovoltaic modules convert light energy into direct current electricity in "real time", ie the production of electricity is simultaneously with the capture of solar energy.

For these and other reasons, a photovoltaic solar generator are needed in addition to other components of the photovoltaic system. The plant types




The photovoltaic system is the set of mechanical, electrical and electronic systems that capture solar energy, transform it into electricity, until it becomes available for use by the user.

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"DIY Wind Generator




Hydroelectric plants generate electricity using the kinetic energy of a quantity of water drawn from the movement of a river (flowing water systems) or stored in a reservoir and released in accordance with the needs of production (plants in the basin).

In a hydroelectric power potential of the mass of water fed through a pressure pipe is converted into mechanical energy from the impeller-turbine group, whose motion in turn is converted into electricity by the alternator group / generator. The energy produced can be immediately used, for example, food industrial, or be placed on the grid, while the water through turbines, without any pollution, is fully returned to its bed further downstream by a natural drainage channel, with no impact on the environment.

The power plant is proportional to the amount of incoming water (flow) and the difference between a levy and the altitude at which water is turbinata (jump). The law in force in Italy leads the standings on the basis of hydraulic installed capacity, whereas small branches with the central power of less than 3,000 kWh and large-scale diversions than those of average power.

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The idea of \u200b\u200bharnessing wind power to generate a rotary motion is centuries old, first cousin of the water wheel technology.
The main advantage of the exploitation of wind energy is a never-ending source of energy and totally free and a limited environmental impact given that the design factor is not required dams and channels as it does for the hydro plants.
The limit of a wind turbine is the reduced air density that generates limited power in the size of the wind turbine. To get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe relationships in play enough to consider that the air density of approximately 1,225 kg / m, is related to 1 / 816 compared to average water.
It so happens that an output of 1 MW represents more or less the lower limit for the applicability of a hydraulic turbine is a power but very respectable for a wind turbine.
The operating principle of a wind generator is more or less well known. A system of blades, placed in rotation by the energy of wind, which generates a rotary motion, through appropriate mechanisms, is transmitted to an electric generator.
If you look at a wind turbine, especially in photography, where you lose the effect of imposing tower of support and the huge blades spinning, you have the feeling of being faced with a quite boring machine, a variant of the windmills that survive in the world with tourist purposes only. In reality the technology used to design and build a wind generator is taken directly from engineering and sophisticated avionics. The writer has worked for more than three decades in the field of mechanical design in various fields, including engineering of hydraulic turbines, and can say that the design of a wind turbine business is of great satisfaction and commitment.

Annabel Chong 251 Men

hydroelectric technologies have a good development in terrestrial applications, ie using the water cycle, evaporating from the sea, is transported to the mountains where the clouds descend to the valley allowing the interception of its energy kinetics, these applications are as follows, still good scope for development, very interesting but still under development are technologies that hide huge potential tidal energy.
Hydroelectric plants are currently operating the mechanical potential energy contained in a flow of water that is available at a certain height from the level where the turbines. Therefore, the power of a hydraulic system depends on two terms: the jump (difference exists between the share to which the available water resource flared and the level at which it is returned after passing through the turbine) and scope (the mass Water flowing through the machine, expressed per unit of time).
plants are natural reservoir (lake) or artificial, as in the case of many reservoirs, ponds are sometimes where you increase the capacity with dams, in many cases the barriers consist of many tens of meters high dams.
Plant Flow regoato (a basin)
are today's most powerful hydroelectric plants and the most exploited, have a significant impact on the environment, can be used as "accumulators" of energy use during peak hours pumping water from downstream to upstream
at night are provided with a storage capacity of the outlet stream tending to modify the ports used by the central regime, these plants are generally higher than 10 MW of power and come to such enormous power plant of Itaipu in Brazil, has a basin with an area of \u200b\u200b1460 square kilometers (4 times the lake Garda)
reservoir or accumulator plants are plants with all
the characteristics of traditional plants but that derive the greater availability of water in the tank by lifting electro (with pumps or with the same turbine manufacturing). This type of system consists of two end tanks, placed at different heights, connected by the artifacts of a typical hydroelectric plant: during the day of highest demand (peak), the user water stored in the upper reservoir is used to the production of electricity; in times of low demand (at night) the same is raised to the upper reservoir. In this way the use of electricity to pump water into the upper reservoir is returned almost entirely in the form of a higher quality because back in the hours of greatest demand.
The spread of a large number of these plants, although medium-sized and small, on the one hand would allow greater retention of water in the area, which is always useful, and on the other side the opportunity to mitigate flooding in the case of heavy rainfall the reservoirs would be filled without the need to pump water from downstream to upstream, in these cases there is a net gain of electricity. Hydroelectric plants a tank or storage are currently the best system of energy storage, if such systems were adopted this would allow a larger number on the one hand the need for fewer power plants, which are now necessary to meet the needs of the tip, from ' On the other hand would allow maximum efficiency of power plants and also the same river plants and wind power systems, solar systems and derived from renewable energy sources in general.
plant-river hydroelectric plants
a tank or storage are currently the best system of energy storage, if such systems were adopted this would allow a larger number on the one hand the need a smaller number of power plants, which are now necessary to meet the needs of the tip, on the other hand, allow maximum efficiency of power plants and also the same river plants and wind power systems, solar systems and derived from renewable energy renewables in general.